Identifying the emergence of the superficial peroneal nerve through deep fascia on ultrasound and by dissection: Implications for regional anesthesia in foot and ankle surgery

Regional anesthesia relies on a sound understanding of anatomy and the utility of ultrasound in identifying relevant structures. We assessed the ability to identify the point at which the superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) emerges through the deep fascia by ultrasound on 26 volunteers (mean age 27.85 years ± 13.186; equal male: female). This point was identified, characterized in relation to surrounding bony landmarks (lateral malleolus and head of the fibula), and compared to data from 16 formalin‐fixed human cadavers (mean age 82.88 years ± 6.964; equal male: female). The SPN was identified bilaterally in all subjects. On ultrasound it was found to pierce the deep fascia of the leg at a point 0.31 (±0.066) of the way along a straight line from the lateral malleolus to the head of the fibula (LM‐HF line). This occurred on or anterior to the line in all cases. Dissection of cadavers found this point to be 0.30 (±0.062) along the LM‐HF line, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (U = 764.000; exact two‐tailed P = 0.534). It was always on or anterior to the LM‐HF line, anterior by 0.74 cm (±0.624) on ultrasound and by 1.51 cm (±0.509) during dissection. This point was significantly further anterior to the LM‐HF line in cadavers (U = 257.700, exact two‐tailed P < 0.001). Dissection revealed the nerve to divide prior to emergence in 46.88% (n = 15) limbs, which was not identified on ultrasound (although not specifically assessed). Such information can guide clinicians when patient factors (e.g., obesity and peripheral edema) make ultrasound‐guided nerve localization more technically challenging. Clin. Anat. 32:390–395, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

银杏叶注射液对丙泊酚麻醉引起的大鼠认知功能障碍的影响

目的:观察银杏叶注射液对麻醉引起的认知功能障碍的影响。方法:将75只大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、银杏叶组、抑制剂组、激动剂组,每组15只。银杏叶组、抑制剂组、激动剂组从麻醉前3 d腹腔注射银杏叶注射液(2 mL/kg),1次/d,连续给药3 d;抑制剂组在麻醉前腹腔注射EX527(5 mg/kg);激动剂组在麻醉前腹腔注射SRT1720(200 mg/kg)。水迷宫观察认知功能程度,观察大鼠脑组织神经元形态学变化,透射电镜观察脑组织组织超微结构,检测Iba-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、SOD、MDA、SIRT1、NF-κB、IκB-α、Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3指标变化。结果:与模型组、抑制剂组比较,银杏叶组和激动剂组大鼠逃避潜伏期缩短、穿越平台次数增多、脑组织神经细胞形态改善,突触数量增多,SIRT1、IκB-α、Bcl-2、SOD表达升高,IκB-α、Bax、Caspase-3、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、MDA表达降低(P<0.05);与银杏叶组比较,激动剂组的上述情况均较优(P<0.05);与模型组比较,抑制剂组的上述情况均较优(P<0.05)。结论:银杏叶注射液改善麻醉引起的认知障碍,其机制之一可能通过SIRT1/NF-κB通路介导。     

Another (Internal) Epineurium: Beyond the Anatomical Barriers of Nerves

The epineurium has been accepted as the outer anatomical barrier of the peripheral nerves. Our objective was to characterize the microanatomy of the layers surrounding nerves using different tissue-specific staining methods. Two hundred forty-two cross sections of human sciatic and median nerves, and brachial plexuses of eight fresh unembalmed cadavers, were examined. The samples were fixed in formaldehyde solution and stained with hematoxylin–eosin, Masson's trichrome, or epithelial membrane antigen under standard conditions. Because epithelial membrane antigen only stains the perineurium, we demonstrated using hematoxylin–eosin and Masson's trichrome that there were different collagen layers inside and outside the nerves. All fascicles had a collagen layer that surrounded the perineurium and were in close contact with it, with no adipose tissue between them. Unlike the perineurium, this layer, an “internal epineurium,” contained no cells, and it surrounded one or a small group of fascicles. Bundling these fascicles or small groups of fascicles together was the true epineurium, and between the true and internal epineurium, we consistently found an adipose-containing compartment. More proximal to this, the tibial and common peroneal nerves were bundled together by another collagen layer, the circumneurium, which also had a fat-cell-containing compartment deep to it. There were scattered collagen fibers among the adipocytes. Using tissue-specific staining, we were able to demonstrate a collagen layer, the “internal epineurium.” Outside the nerves, we identified several fat-containing concentric compartments. Those compartments were limited by collagen fiber layers that were also similar to the epineurium. Clin. Anat. 33:199–206, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

三种不同时机下术前导尿配合手术室护理对全麻手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响

摘要 目的 观察三种不同时机下术前导尿配合手术室护理对全身麻醉（全麻）手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响。方法 选择2017年1月～2018年12月于我院行择期全麻手术的患者100例，根据术前导尿时机分为3组：A组（手术当日清晨在病房导尿，33例）、B组（麻醉前在手术室导尿，30例）、C组（麻醉平稳后在手术室导尿，37例）。记录并比较3组麻醉时间、术中输液量、术中出血量、苏醒时间及导尿前后收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）及心率（HR）变化，比较3组一次性导尿成功率、术后导尿管适应度及苏醒期躁动发生情况，采用自拟问卷调查患者护理满意度。结果 3组麻醉时间、术中输液量、术中出血量及苏醒时间比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；A组导尿后SBP、DBP、HR较导尿前均显著升高（P<0.05），B组和C组SBP、DBP、HR与导尿前比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；A组一次性导尿成功率显著低于B组和C组，术后导尿管适应度显著差于B组和C组（P<0.05）；A组苏醒期躁动发生率显著高于C组，苏醒期躁动分级显著高于C组P<0.05）；A组护理满意度评分显著低于B组和C组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 在麻醉前后于手术室进行导尿的效果明显优于手术当日清晨在病房导尿，配合手术室护理干预可有效提高患者术后对导尿管的适应度，降低苏醒期躁动发生率，提高患者护理满意度。     

骨科下肢手术中应用不同剂量的右美托咪定辅助低位硬膜外麻醉对术中、术后不良反应的影响

目的探讨骨科下肢手术中应用不同剂量的右美托咪定辅助低位硬膜外麻醉对术中、术后不良反应的影响。方法选取我院90例骨科下肢手术患者,依据右美托咪定用药剂量分为甲组、乙组及丙组,各30例;选取同期于我院行生理盐水辅助低位硬膜外麻醉的30例骨科下肢手术患者为对照组。比较四组患者不良反应发生情况、镇静情况及认知功能。结果丙组不良反应总发生率高于甲组、乙组和对照组(P<0.05)。用药10 min(T1)、30 min(T2)、60 min(T3)及120 min(T4)时,甲组、乙组、丙组的Ramsay镇静评分均高于用药前(T0),且均高于对照组,同时乙组高于甲组,丙组高于甲组和乙组(P<0.05)。术后次日,甲组、丙组的MMSE评分均低于术前,且均低于乙组和对照组(P<0.05)。结论骨科下肢手术患者行右美托咪定辅助低位硬膜外麻醉时,右美托咪定的泵注量选择0.6μg/kg可达到较佳麻醉效果。     

Obesity as a Causal Risk Factor for Aortic Valve Stenosis

BackgroundCausal risk factors for aortic valve stenosis are poorly understood, limiting the possibility of preventing the most common heart valve disease.ObjectivesThe hypothesis was tested that genetically based obesity measured by body mass index is causally associated with risk of aortic valve stenosis and replacement.MethodsThe authors included 108,211 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study. Participants had measurements of body mass index, waist-hip ratio, and waist circumference, and information on 5 genetic variants associated with obesity. A Mendelian randomization design was used to investigate genetic and observational associations of obesity with incident aortic valve stenosis (n = 1,215) and replacement (n = 467) for a median follow-up time of 8.7 years.ResultsGenetically increased body mass index was causally associated with increased risk of aortic valve stenosis. Compared with an unweighted allele score of 0 to 3, individuals with an allele score 7 to 10 had a mean increase in body mass index of 0.87 kg/m², and the age and sex–adjusted hazard ratio for aortic valve stenosis was 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0 to 1.7) for allele score 4, 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1 to 1.8) for allele score 5 to 6, and 1.6 (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.1) for allele score 7 to 10 (p for trend: 9 × 10⁻⁵). A 1-kg/m² increase in body mass index was associated with causal risk ratios for aortic valve stenosis and replacement, respectively, of 1.52 (95% CI: 1.23 to 1.87) and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.07 to 2.08) genetically, and with corresponding hazard ratios of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.08) and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.03 to 1.08) observationally.ConclusionsObesity from human genetics was causally associated with higher risk of aortic valve stenosis and replacement.     

Safety of Transesophageal Echocardiography to Guide Structural Cardiac Interventions

BackgroundDespite the widespread use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to guide structural cardiac interventions, studies evaluating safety in this context are lacking.ObjectivesThis study sought to determine the incidence, types of complications, and factors associated with esophageal or gastric lesions following TEE manipulation during structural cardiac interventions.MethodsThis was a prospective study including 50 patients undergoing structural cardiac interventions in which TEE played a central role in guiding the procedure (mitral and tricuspid valve repair, left atrial appendage closure, and paravalvular leak closure). An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed before and immediately after the procedure to look for new injuries that might have arisen during the course of the intervention. Patients were divided in 2 cohorts according to the type of injury: complex lesions (intramural hematoma, mucosal laceration) and minor lesions (petechiae, ecchymosis). The factors associated with an increased risk of complications were assessed.ResultsPost-procedural EGD showed a new injury in 86% (n = 43 of 50) of patients, with complex lesions accounting for 40% (n = 20 of 50) of cases. Patients with complex lesions presented more frequently with an abnormal baseline EGD (70% vs. 37%; p = 0.04) and had a higher incidence of post-procedural dysphagia or odynophagia (40% vs. 10%; p = 0.02). Independent factors associated with an increased risk of complex lesions were a longer procedural time under TEE manipulation (for each 10-min increment in imaging time, odds ratio: 1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.59) and poor or suboptimal image quality (odds ratio: 4.93; 95% confidence interval: 1.10 to 22.02).ConclusionsMost patients undergoing structural cardiac interventions showed some form of injury associated with TEE, with longer procedural time and poor or suboptimal image quality determining an increased risk. Imaging experts performing this technique should be aware of the nature of potential complications, to take the necessary precautions to prevent their occurrence and facilitate early diagnosis and treatment.